The World Bank: Radical shifts in the Middle East region with the increasing risks of climate change The World Bank said that the Middle East and North Africa region is witnessing a radical transformation in conjunction with its increasing vulnerability to the risks of climate change, water scarcity, strong demographic pressures, the decline of the oil and gas quarter model, and the massive social demands for reform in the wake of the Arab Spring demonstrations, and the ongoing conflicts. He added in his report entitled “The Importance of Lands,” a copy of which “Al-Dustour” obtained, that the aforementioned trends led to an increase in the demand for land in exchange for the restricted supply, and therefore had repercussions on the methods of using, obtaining and managing land in the region, and would improve Land governance and management can play an important role in addressing each of these challenges and setting the region on the path to recovery and growth. The report indicated that land use efficiency is a pivotal issue across the region, and there are three factors that play a role in this regard. First: Compared to other regions, suitable land for agriculture, housing, and other activities in the Middle East and North Africa region is very scarce due to its mostly desert nature. This scarcity leads to competition between the various uses of land and dependence on the rest of the world in food production and food imports. Thus, the countries of the region will have to make strategic trade-offs regarding the best use of land to serve economic and social goals, and those related to sustainability, and these trade-offs are based on the goals that governments should strive for. to legitimately investigate land use, and what is preferably left to markets and comparative advantages. Second: Despite the ongoing reforms in some countries, weak land governance still constrains access to land, fails to create an investment-friendly environment, and prevents the authorities from utilizing land efficiently to achieve revenues and development goals. Third, persistent economic and social inequalities in countries in the Middle East and North Africa region affect the ways in which land is acquired and distributed, denying women in particular the means to access and enforce their land rights